Formulation of the research ideas, objectives, and overarching goals. This role includes identifying the research problem and developing the main research questions or hypotheses.

Development or design of the research methodology, including the selection of methods, models, algorithms, procedures, analytical techniques, and approaches used to achieve the research objectives.

Development, programming, implementation, or testing of computer code, software applications, algorithms, and computational components used in the research.

Verification of research results, methods, models, or experiments to ensure their accuracy, consistency, reliability, and reproducibility. This may include independent checks or the application of validation procedures.

Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize research data and interpret the resulting findings.

Conducting research activities and investigations, including experiments, data collection, testing, observations, and the implementation of research procedures.

Provision of research materials, datasets, equipment, instruments, samples, computing facilities, or other resources required to conduct the research.

Activities involving data organization, cleaning, annotation, labeling, maintenance, and preparation to make data suitable for analysis, sharing, preservation, or reuse.

Preparation and creation of the initial manuscript, including the development of the research narrative and the writing of the methods, results, discussion, and conclusions.

Critical review, commentary, revision, and editing of the manuscript before or during the publication process, including improvements to its scientific content, accuracy, clarity, and presentation.

Preparation and presentation of research data and findings through figures, charts, diagrams, flowcharts, graphical representations, or other visual materials.

Oversight and leadership responsibility for research planning and execution, including mentorship, guidance, and supervision of the research activities and team.

Coordination and management of research activities, including planning schedules, allocating tasks, coordinating team members, handling administrative arrangements, and monitoring project progress.

Acquisition of financial support for the research project that led to the publication, including research grants, institutional funding, or other financial resources.